Plasma-vs-Ozone
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Here is how Ozone works:
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Made from three atoms of OXYGEN, Chemical symbol, O3. Colorless in gaseous form, appears blue in "Thick Layers" {Blue Sky}. Dark blue or almost black in liquid form.
Solid crystalline form is violet to blue in color.
Melting point ~ 80 K.
Boiling point ~ 161 K.
Has a very unique "Electric" odor that can be detected as low as 0.012 PPM. Highly unstable and not possible to store, all users generate it on-site, as needed.
FORMATION
Natural
Lightning.
Solar radiation. {Ultraviolet wavelengths A, B, & C}
Photochemical Smog in large cities.
Man-made
Corona discharge. {Usually in air or oxygen atmospheres}
High voltage gas discharge tubes. {Germicidal UV lamps}
SOLUBILITY
Soluble in water.
Affected by temperature, pressure and contaminant levels.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Ozone has a peak absorption in the UV Spectrum at 255.3 NM, which puts its
most effective band in the UV "C" spectrum. Without this particular property, no
life could exist on the earth's surface.
EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS
In low concentrations, {Less than 0.05 Parts Per Million}, OZONE has a sweet
pleasant odor. It is responsible for the familiar odor of a thunder storm due to
the OZONE created by lightning. {High voltage electrical discharge}
Natural ground-level concentrations are typically 0.03 PPM.
O.S.H.A. 24 hour exposure limit, 0.05 PPM, {Parts Per Million}
O.S.H.A. 8 hour exposure limit, 0.1 PPM
O.S.H.A. Short-term exposure limit, 0.3 PPM
Effective as a disinfectant and sterilizing agent at levels of 35% to 50% of that
specified by O.S.H.A. for 24 hour exposure levels.
Prolonged exposure to high levels, {^ 100 PPM}, produces headache and
perhaps nausea.
Emergency first aid procedure is to remove victim from areas of high
concentration, whereupon the symptoms will disappear.
BASIC APPLICATIONS
OZONE is highly unstable and will easily give up one atom of oxygen to
combine, with, {Oxidize}, almost anything.
Naturally occurring OZONE and the OZONE formed from auto exhaust causes
the premature aging and cracking of tires and wiper blades.
OZONE is the second most powerful oxidant after FL, {Fluorine}, and the by
products are harmless as opposed to some chlorine by-products as:
Trihalomethanes. Chloramines, {Chloroform, etc.}.
OZONE is used extensively for processes requiring oxidation and disinfection
Drinking water treatment; purification, odor, taste, color, container sterilization.
Waste water treatment; disinfection, sterilization, BOD & COD reduction.
Cooling towers; scale removal, microbe control, corrosion control.
A/C Air Handlers; Odor control, mold/mildew elimination/control.
Aquaculture, fish and shrimp farming; ammonia removal, bacteria control.
Pools, spas, water parks, water displays; replacement of Chlorine.
Bottling plants; container sterilization.
Canning plants; container sterilization.
Breweries; removal of taste/odor and microbe control in process water.
Metal plating and finishing processes for waste water reclamation.
Bleach and detergent reduction in wash processes. {35% to 75% Typical}
Transportation and/or storage of fresh fruit and produce.
Fire damage restoration; smoke odor and mold/mildew removal.
Casinos and bars; elimination of tobacco smoke and stale wine & beer odor.
Rental car and truck agencies; removal of tobacco, pet, and body odor.
Hotels; elimination of tobacco smoke and stale room odors.
COMMON PROCESSES GENERATING OZONE AS A BY-PRODUCT
Sunlight.
Lightning.
Photocopiers.
Laser-Jet printers, scanners and copiers.
Surface treatment of plastic film.
Automobile exhaust + sunlight.
Fluorescent lighting.
Electric arc welding.
Electric-arc, "PLASMA-JET" metal cutting.
Any high voltage process that generates a "Corona discharge".
"Tanning" beds
ENCLOSED ENVIRONMENT APPLICATIONS
Odor control/removal. Pets.
Sick Room and/or body odors.
Tobacco smoke
Food preparation and cooking, (Onions, garlic, fish).
Mold and/or Mildew in carpets and moist areas.
Removal of Formaldehyde, {From carpets, furniture, draperies, processed
wood, etc.}.
Pools, "Jacuzzis" and Spas, elimination of dangerous and toxic chlorine.
A/C duct work sanitation and maintenance (kills mold and/or mildew in
ductwork).
Extraordinarily effective in combating allergens.
MARINE APPLICATIONS
Fresh water purification.
Ballast water sterilization.
Mold and mildew that cause a boat's "Musky" odor.
Tobacco smoke.
Black and gray water holding tank and vent odor control.
Bait and live well odor elimination.
Control of bilge water odor.
Extend fresh fruit and vegetable storage life in refrigerators and coolers.
Prevent odor and taste cross-contamination of foods in refrigerators and
coolers.
A/C air handlers and duct work mold and mildew and indoor air quality control.
Diesel fuel odor elimination.
Food preparation and cooking odors.
Elimination of pet odors.
Destruction of substances that cause allergic reactions.
OZONE GENERATION METHODS
Electric {Corona} Discharge.
Basic Equation.
a. 3 O2 <-------> 2 O3 <-------> 3 O2
Theoretical Power Required.
285 K JOULES to generate 2 MOLES {96 Gram} of O3
Equal to 0.9 Wh per Gram.
Actual Power Requirements.
15 to 20 Wh per gram O3
OZONE generation is limited by the inherent power demands from any given
piece of equipment, therefore, design limits impose the maximum amount of
OZONE that can be produced from any single, specified source.
There has never been one single fatality that resulted from the generation and
application of OZONE, since it was first isolated in 1840 in Germany.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT FOR OZONE
Mass of OZONE / Volume of gas, expressed as " g O3 / m3 " AIR or OXYGEN.
Mass of OZONE / Mass of gas, expressed as " % Weight " {Large masses only}. Volume of OZONE / Volume of gas, expressed in "PPM", {Parts Per Million}. Volume of OZONE / Mass of gas {Not Used}.
CONCENTRATION CONVERSION TABLE
Physical Properties, Standard conditions P = 1013.25 MB, T = 273.3 K
Density of OZONE , 2.14 Kg / m3
Density of oxygen, 1.43 Kg / m3
Density of air, 1.29 Kg / m3
Density of water, 1000 Kg / m3
USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS.
1000 liters = 1 m3 = 264 US gallons
1 g / m3 = 1 mg / L
OZONE CONCENTRATION IN WATER.
1 g O3 / m3 H2O = 1 PPM O3 in water {By weight}
OZONE CONCENTRATION IN AIR BY VOLUME.
1 g O3 / m3 AIR = 467 PPM O3 in air {By volume}
1 PPM O3 in AIR by volume = 2.14 mg O3 / m3 AIR
OZONE CONCENTRATION IN AIR BY WEIGHT.
100 g O3 / m3 AIR = 7.8% O3 in AIR {By weight}
1% O3 in AIR by weight = 12.8 g O3 / m3 AIR
OZONE CONCENTRATION IN OXYGEN BY WEIGHT.
100 g O3 / m3 O2 = 6.99% O3 in OXYGEN {By weight}
1% O3 in OXYGEN {By weight} = 14.3 g O3 / m3 O2
Call The No Odor Network Today!
We will eliminate all of your unwanted odors fast and safe .
1-888-8-NO-MOLD
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Cold Plasma and it effective use in MOLD Remediation:
"Purifying Plasma"
By utilizing the principles of photochemistry, cold fusion plasma, and photoionization, contaminants, both organic and biological can be removed ftom the air and surfaces. While these methodologies have been well studied and documented by the scientific community, the synergy of their interaction produces a unique and a superlative way of providing a true "real time" technological system for ensuring superior indoor air quality. To ensure that these affects are distributed throughout the facility being addressed, we utilize the HVAC system which act as the "heart and lungs" of a building.
Photochemistry is the chemical reaction or change in material caused by exposure to light energy. The process typically requires the use of photons in the ultraviolet spectral range. Ultraviolet radiation serves to excite or cleave chemical bonds and leads to the desired photoinduced reaction.
Energetic ultraviolet radiation is useful for disinfection proposes. For this application, the fundamental physical requirement for the ultraviolet light source is sufficiently high photo energy (wavelength) at the required intensity. When sufficient photo energy is present, ultraviolet light becomes particularly useful in the destruction of contaminating organic compounds. Almost all indoor contaminants are organic. Organic compounds are carbon based.
Many common organic compounds are based on the carbon and hydrogen combination, or hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons can be toxic volatile organic compounds such as formaldehydes and benezenes. Airborne, indoor dust particles like dander, hair, dust mites feces, etc. Are based upon organic compounds generally associated with the lipid group.
Biological contaminants Re bacteria, viruses, and fungi are carbon based. Photochemistry can break down these hamiful organic molecules. Ultraviolet light with enough energy such as in the 100-280 manometer wavelength can break down the electron bonds of an organic molecule. The shorter the wavelength the more energy created to break molecular bonds.
All organic material is photodegradable at certain wavelengths.
LJV wavelengths in the 100-280 manometer bandwidth
not only break down electron bonding of an organic molecule, but also initiate the formation of a cold gas plasma. A plasma is an excitation of gas by radio frequency energy. In our case, we excite gases by the energy from ultraviolet light waves. We create a highly energized gaseous state. The plasma, or highly energized gaseous state, is aggressive and highly reactive and contains excited atoms and molecules, ionized gases, radicals, and free electrons. It can destroy just about all organic contaminants.
The destruction mechanism primarily involves the photodissociation of molecular oxygen leading tot he formation if highly oxidizing species, such as atomic oxygen, molecular singlet oxygen and activated oxygen. These agents interact with contaminants converting most to volatilized carbon dioxide and water. The LJV radiation also creates electron ejection of organic molecules that produces additional free radical creation. The radicals react with oxygen producing hydroperoxide ions. The hydroperoxide process activates a chain reaction with organic compounds triggering further oxidation. When additional hydrogen is added as in the form of water vapor ( humidity), the highly oxidative species hydroxyl radicals is created.
These radical ions are stable but a very potent o-ne-clectron oxidant. They are very destructive to organic contaminants because they steal hydrogen atoms from the organic materials, leaving decaying carbon ions. The theft of hydrogen from organic molecules forms even stronger hydroxyl radical bonds with even higher oxidation potential. This entire process turns into a chain reaction - the breakdown and formation of new hydroxyl radicals results in the continual decay of organic material.
While the photoelectric effect created by high energy ultraviolet light is ejecting electrons forma molecule, it is further enhanced by irradiating what is called a "photoelectron emitting membee'with ultraviolet light. A photoelectron emitting member may be made of any material that emits photoelectrons upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Such a photoelectron emitting member is contained in our technology. The photoelectrons ejected from the photoelectron emitting member are used to charge fine particles in a gas which are then removed form the air stream as they attach to oppositely clwged surfaces.
This electrically charging dust and other particulates can remove particles as small as .00 I micron.
It should be noted that each of the electron ejections can cause multiple ionization events. For exaznple, in the photoelectric effect, the photon undergoes only one interaction, yet thousands of ionizations can be caused by the resultant electron and its products.
The combination of ultraviolet light and plasma has been reported to be an extremely potent in removing contaminants from surfaces. As an example and for comparative purposes, it has been estimated that removing biological contaminants from surfaces by corona discharge created ozone may take IO hours. Ultraviolet light in the highly bacterial range of 253.7 manometers would take I hour for the same result.
Corona discharge ozone and ultraviolet light combined would achieve the same result in 1.5 minutes. However, the use of a broader and more energetic ultraviolet bandwidth combined with the resulting plasma would clean the same surface in 20 seconds
For More Information:
Call Toll Free: 1.888.8.NO-MOLD
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Copyrighted 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
